OSI Model Layer 1: The Physical Layer (Cables, Signals & Bits)
We’ve completed an incredible journey through the OSI Model! We’ve seen applications create data, the Presentation Layer (Layer 6) format it securely, the Session Layer (Layer 5) manage conversations, the Transport Layer (Layer 4) ensure reliable delivery, the Network Layer (Layer 3) route it globally, and the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) handle local transfers. […]
OSI Model Layer 2: The Data Link Layer (MAC Addressing & Frames)
We’ve covered a lot in our OSI Model series! We’ve seen how the Network Layer (Layer 3) uses IP addresses to route data packets across vast global networks. But what happens when that data packet finally reaches its destination network? How does it make the crucial, final hop from one device to the very next […]
Networking Basics for Beginners: A Simple Guide to IP Addresses & Ports
Before you can understand how a cyberattack works, you first need to understand the roads it travels on. Every action online, from sending an email to visiting a website, happens over a computer network. Think of it as the invisible nervous system of the digital world. This guide won’t be a complex technical manual. Instead, […]
